5 Gynecologic Cancers Demystified

In the 2001 movie Wit, Emma Thompson's character deals with far more than teaching poetry. She has late-stage ovarian cancer.

While you may watch movies to escape reality and not focus on a total bummer, it is important to consider your gynecological health at least once a year. And what better time to talk about ovarian, cervical, uterine, vaginal and vulvar cancers than during September, which is Gynecologic Cancer Awareness Month.

The American Cancer Society estimates that 19,680 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2024, and 75% of them will be in stage III or IV disease at diagnosis—just like Thompson's character.

So, what are these cancers, and what are the potential risk factors and symptoms?

Cervical cancer is commonly caused by HPV, but smoking, a weakened immune system, long-term oral contraceptive use and multiple full-term pregnancies also can be risk factors. Regular Pap smears can help identify it early, but symptoms to watch for include irregular bleeding, pelvic pain and unusual vaginal discharge.

Uterine cancer (or endometrial cancer) risk factors include obesity, not having children, using estrogen without progesterone and having a family history of the disease. Symptoms include abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, pain during intercourse and a change in bowel habits.

Ovarian cancer symptoms are often mistaken for digestive issues, as the symptoms include bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, feeling full quickly after eating and frequent urination. Being 60 or older, genetics and a history of endometriosis can increase your risk.

Vaginal cancer symptoms include abnormal pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, unusual vaginal discharge and irregular bleeding. The main cause is persistent HPV infections, but being 60 or older and having a history of cervical or vulvar cancer also can increase your risk.

Vulvar cancer is rare and occurs on the external part of female genitalia. Symptoms include itching or pain and changes in vulvar skin color or thickness. However, it also can present as a lump or sore on the vulva that doesn't heal. Risk factors include past HPV infection, smoking, being 50 or older, having a weakened immune system and a history of cervical cancer.

Remember, many of these cancers are not detected by a Pap smear, so beyond regular screenings, it's vital to tell your doctor if you notice any symptoms. That way, they can schedule other types of tests, such as imaging, blood tests and biopsies, to diagnose your condition early on, when it's most treatable.

If you're diagnosed with cancer, your doctor's approach will be tailored to your individual needs, as well as the specific type and stage of your cancer. Treatment options can include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and medications.

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